I will be here on a student visa and have a valid driver’s license from China, but I'd prefer to get a California license if possible. What documents do you need and was the DMV process pretty straightforward?
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Yep, international students can get a California license. A lot of students do that while on the F-1 visa. You’ll need to prove your identity, legal presence & California residency, then follow the normal DMV process. I wouldn't necessarily call it straightforward. The DMV is an institution that most don't like.
If you already have a license from another country, California will still make you take the knowledge and driving tests. I know other US states have different rules.
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Absolutely. A student visa is fine. The DMV specifically recognizes people with valid student visas as having temporary legal status for licensing purposes. Just keep in mind that your license may be limited based on how long your legal status in the U.S. is valid.
Regarding the DMV visit.. prepare yourself mentally. After that, you will be one of us. 
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The entire process is rather simple. Just pass the written test, then take the practical driving test in your own car or a rental car. I think I paid less than $100 about 10 years ago. You can even do it in your own language.
Your driver's license will expire on the same date as your student visa. They will still have you in the system after that. In the worst case, you have to retake the written test after a certain period (of expiration).
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The exact documents NerdLove mentioned. The written test is simple.. just study for a couple of days. The practical test is also doable for someone who already has a license in another country. Traffic is the only real annoying thing. Always make sure that you look over your shoulder when changing lanes or making turns.
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Okay, thank you. It looks like I have to do that in person and have my apartment first. The visa itself is already approved. I can't wait to hold that license in my hands.
That's exactly the reason why I want that license. xxD
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That advice is absolutely legit. 
I spent countless hours at the DMV over the years. Make sure you have your lease contract, two bills in your name showing the address, visa, passport, etc.. Don't try to argue. It doesn't really help. I am glad I was able to renew online this time.
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It depends on how prepared you are.
I never had any problems. The only thing that's for sure.. expect waiting times. I went there with appointments and still had to wait.
If your student visa is for four years, then that will be the expiration date on your driver's license. While the DMV itself has a bad reputation, it actually isn't that bad. Some countries require you to pay thousands in fees and it takes forever to finish all the lessons. California is not only cheaper, but it's also rather fast in comparison.